程序公正、刑事庭审、法庭科学与法医学

〔澳〕加里·埃德蒙德 〔澳〕安德鲁·罗伯茨著 刘珏 译

【摘 要】2009 年初，美国国家科学院的国家研究理事会（NRC）发布了一份报告，对许多已确立的法庭科学领域以及刑事法院在这些领域发挥的规范作用提出了强烈批评。同年，英格兰和威尔士法律委员会发布了一份意见征询书，建议英格兰和威尔士应该有效地采用多伯特案（Daubert）相关的专业知识方法（尽管受到美国国家研究理事会批评），这个方法指导着美国联邦法院和许多州法院。2011年，英格兰和威尔士法律委员会在一份法律草案中正式推荐了可靠性（reliability）标准。在澳大利亚，法院和改革者对可靠性问题几乎没有做出回应，美国国家研究理事会提出的严肃批评也被忽略了。本文旨在解释公正、实践权威、公平庭审权的概念，以及所谓的证据法基本原则（如无罪推定、询问证人的权利、举证责任分配和证明标准、对自由的重视以及不判无辜者有罪）如何能够帮助我们重新考虑在对抗性刑事诉讼中采纳和使用专家证据的法律途径，以应对新出现的和制度化的令人不安的经验证据。

【关键词】 法律；法医学；专家证据；可靠性；可采性

【中图分类号】D915.13

【文献标识码】A

【文章编号】1674-1226（2022）04-0492-20

Procedural fairness, the criminal trial and forensic science and medicine. Gary Edmond and Andrew Roberts.School of Law and Director, Expertise, Evidence & Law Program, The University of New South Wales. Translated by Liu Jue. School of law, Doctoral candidate, Zhejiang Gongshang University and Procurator, People’s Procuratorate of Huzhou City, Zhejiang Province.

【Abstract】In early 2009 the National Research Council (NRC) of the US National Academy of Sciences published a report that was highly critical of many established areas of forensic science and the role of criminal courts in regulating them. In the same year, the Law Commission of England and Wales released a Consultation Paper, proposing that England and Wales should effectively embrace the approach to expertise associated with Daubert. guiding the US Federal Courts and many state courts (though criticised by the NRC). In 2011 the Law Commission formally recommended a reliability standard in a draft bill.In Australia, courts and reformers have done little in response to problems of reliability and the serious criticisms identified by the NRC have been muted.This essay aims to explain how notions of rectitude, practical authority, fair trial rights, and so called fundamental principles of evidence law (eg the presumption of innocence, the right to examine witnesses, the allocation of burdens and standards of proof, the premium placed on liberty and not convicting the innocent) can help us to reconsider legal approaches to the admission and use of expert evidence in adversarial criminal proceedings in response to emerging and institutionally unsettling empirical evidence.

【Key Words】Law, Forensic Science, Expert Evidence, Reliability, Admissibility