曹志勋

（北京大学法学院，北京 100871）

【摘 要】在国内外诉前鉴定的讨论与实践背后，需要关注具有我国特色的、在立案审查中强制性要求提出鉴定证据的起诉要件。面对我国就此类要求的传统做法，也可以承认在部分案件立案时有收集鉴定意见的必要，但应限于固定证据性信息并以此促进诉前纠纷解决的目的。同时，这一立案鉴定要求不应成为起诉要件，而仅能对违反该要求的当事人最多产生费用上的制裁后果。法院不应依职权启动诉前鉴定，除了部分涉及公益或者群体性利益的案件以外，其他职能机构也不应依职权启动诉前鉴定。法院可以根据实体法规则判断能否将诉前鉴定的费用纳入损害赔偿的范围，也可以参考比较法经验，在一定条件下将该费用纳入法定诉讼费用规则中。对于需要诉讼外鉴定的情况也可以替代性地考虑适用诉前证据保全制度，此时收集的鉴定意见，能够在诉讼开始后依法转换为法定鉴定证据。

【关键词】立案登记制 ; 诉前纠纷解决 ; 依职权鉴定 ; 鉴定费用 ; 诉前证据保全

【中图分类号】D915.13

【文献标识码】A

【文章编号】1674-1226（2022）02-0133-12

Reflection on and reconstruction of the compulsory submission of pre-action expert identification.Cao Zhixun. Peking University Law School,Beijing,100871.

【Abstract】Considering the academic discussion and the practice of expert identification before the commencement of a civil litigation, the compulsory submission of this evidence as a precondition for initiating a lawsuit represents a Chinese characteristic of civil procedure and therefore should be discussed. Due to the tradition of requiring this sort of evidence in China, there is a necessity of collecting this evidence while docketing the case in courts. However, the purpose of doing it is to be limited to the fixing of evidential information which should contribute to the pre-action dispute resolution. Meanwhile, this requirement for evidence production is not supposed to be a precondition for initiating a lawsuit, while the violation of this requirement could at most give rise to cost consequences. Courts should not initiate the pre-action expert identification sua sponte. Apart from the cases relating to public or mass interests, other related organs are also not supposed to designate this identification sua sponte. Regarding the costs of the pre-action expert identification, substantive rules should be applied for the calculation of damages, whereas based on comparative experience, these costs could also be classified as statutory litigation costs. Pre-action evidential preservation is eligible to be taken as an alternative for pre-action expert identification. The evidence collected accordingly is to be transformed into the statutory expert identification during the forthcoming civil process.

【Key Words】Case registration system; Pre-action dispute resolution; Expert identification sua sponte; Costs of the expert identification; Pre-action evidential preservation