梁 坤

【摘 要】 自1967年的 United States v. Wade 案开始，美国最高法院逐步发展出目击者辨认证据（排除）规则。在各时期主流司法理念的影响下，律师帮助权和正当程序权利这两项宪法权利共同见证着该规则盛极而衰的历史演变。尽管正当程序正经受国际化浪潮的影响，但是却受到当前美国主流司法理念的抑制，于是很难再产生一次新的“革命”，目击者辨认证据规则的这一重要理论基础从而也大为削弱。该规则很难再单纯地继续因循修补加完善的传统套路，而是同时需要另辟蹊径采取成文法化的路径来规制辨认程序，这是美国司法界目前及未来面临的一项重要课题。

【关键词】 目击者辨认；排除规则；律师帮助权；正当程序；辨认程序

【中图分类号】 D918.9

【文献标识码】 A

【文章编号】 1674-1226（2009）04-0462-11

The Eyewitness Identification Evidence Rule in America from the Perspective of Constitutional Rights.Liang Kun, Renmin University of China Law School, Beijing 100872.

【Abstract】 The rule for eyewitness identification evidence was developed by the US Supreme Court after United States v. Wade. Influenced by the mainstream judicial conceptions, the constitutional rights to counsel and due process jointly witnessed the historical evolution from boom to debility of the exclusive rule of eyewitness identification. Due process, though mired the internationalization trend, is subject to the American mainstream judicial ideas and has almost no chance for fostering another revolution. The theoretical foundation of rule for eyewitness identification evidence as it is, it is thus seriously weakened. As the traditional path of amendment for improvement is illusive, a new trail has to be blazed by statute for the identification procedures. This is a major task for the US judiciary both at present and in future.

【Key words】 Eyewitness identification, Exclusive rule, Right to counsel, Due process, Identification procedure