杜 闻

（中国政法大学民商法学院，北京 100088）

【摘 要】大陆法系国家及地区的民事审判实行“职权进行主义（Verhandlungsmaxime）”。在其诉讼程序中，以自己专业知识辅助法官查明案件事实的案外人被称为“鉴定人”，其口头或书面陈述被称为“鉴定意见”。就鉴定人的诉讼地位识别而言，大陆法系的通说为“折衷论”，即侧重于将鉴定人视为一种“法官的专业辅助人”，仅在有限的程度上才会兼顾其另一属性—“证据方法”。大陆法系民事诉讼的具体制度一贯强调“鉴定人不偏不倚的中立性”，极力排斥其“党派性”。在鉴定人制度方面，大陆法系主要存在两大缺陷：一是在案件事实判断方面，法官过于依赖其指定的鉴定人，存在后者非法篡夺前者事实认定权的问题和现象；二是由于交叉询问制度（the cross-examination）的缺乏，再加上私人鉴定人过于弱小的诉讼地位，使大陆法系的法律系统无法有效地控制和评估鉴定人的意见。这两大缺陷都与识别鉴定人地位的“折衷论”有关。

【关键词】大陆法系；民事诉讼；鉴定人；法律定位；问题研析

【中图分类号】D915.13

【文献标识码】A

【文章编号】1674-1226（2017）02-0172-11

On the legal status of court-appointed expert and related issues of civil trials in the roman legal system. Wen Du. Associate professor of civil procedure law, Civil, Commercial & Economic Law School, China University of Political Science & Law (CUPL), Beijing, 100088.

【Abstract】Civil trials in countries and regions of the Roman Legal System are subject to the doctrine of Verhandlungsmaxime (conducting trial proceedings ex officio). In trials, the outsider who, by resorting to his professional knowledge, assists the presiding judge to clarify factual issues is “court-appointed expert”.The oral or written report provided by the expert is “court-appointed expert opinion”. The court-appointed expert,according to the “trade-off theory”, the prevailing theory among the jurists of the Roman Legal System, is majorly considered as “professional assistant to judges”. Only to a limited extent, court-appointed expert is deemed as “a method of proof”. The judicial institution of the Roman Legal System not only stresses on “impartiality of court-appointed experts”, but also spares effort to eliminate the expert’s “partisan view”. However, for the system of court-appointed experts of the Roman Legal System, there are two main defects: (1) In the course of factfinding, judges have the tendency to rely heavily on the designated experts. It will create hazardous consequence that the latter will illegally usurp the adjudicating power from the former; (2) Due to the unavailability of crossexamination and the weak influence of party-appointed expert in trials, the courts of the Roman Legal System lack effective methods to assess and control opinions presented by court-appointed expert. The existence of the two defects is heavily related to the aforesaid “trade-off theory”.

【Key Words】 The roman legal system, Civil trials, Court-appointed expert, Legal status, Problem analysis