［英］Coral J. Dando ［英］Ray Bull ［英］Thomas C. Ormerod ［英］Alexandra L. Sandham 刘 涛 黄靖斯 译

【摘 要】检测识别言语欺骗的相关研究表明，外行观察者的表现通常靠运气。然而 , 在刑事司法体制中，没有经过专业性侦查培训的外行人经常会被要求作出准确的判断（例如事务律师、治安法官或陪审团）。本研究表明，在侦查询问中，我们可以尽量通过控制向询问对象披露信息的时间来改进外行观察者作出准确判断的表现。实验中，总计有151名参与者作为说真话者或者欺骗者进行了一场交互式计算机游戏，并在事后被询问。在询问中，询问者所知的游戏信息披露给询问对象的时机分为三种情形：在询问早期（提前披露），在询问结束时（推迟披露），或者在整个询问过程中逐渐披露（渐进披露）。随后，由30名外行独立地观察随机挑选形成的三组询问记录（每一组中包含有5名欺骗者和5名说真话者）， 并对询问对象是否诚实作出自信的判断。统计结果表明：关于询问对象是否诚实的判断在渐进披露的情形下是最为准确的，P＜.001，η2 =.97（超过了随机概率），而且观察者对这种条件下的询问作出的判断更为自信，P ＜ .001，η2 =.99。渐进式询问记录中撒谎的被试者（询问对象、被询问人）的认知需求是最为突出的，P ＜ .001，η2 =.24。我们的研究结果表明，在改进非专业观察者识别言词性欺骗方面，可通过使用最大化欺骗者的认知负荷这种询问技巧来提高，同时给说真话者提供机会对证据作出增量式反应。

【关键词】使用证据；提前；推迟；渐进；效能

【中图分类号】D915.13

【文献标识码】A

【文章编号】1674-1226（2017）06-0743-12

An experimental study on efficiency of ‘drip feed’approach to disclosing evidence during criminal interrogation/interview. Coral J. Dando, Ray Bull, Thomas C. Ormerod, Alexandra L. Sandham. Translated by Liu Tao1, Huang Jingsi2.1.School of Criminal Investigation and Counter-Terrorism, PPSUC. Beijing 100038; 2. Legal Affairs Division,Yulin Municipal Public Security Bureau. Guangxi 537000

【Abstract】Research examining detection of verbal deception reveals that lay observers generally perform at chance. Yet, in the criminal justice system, laypersons that have not undergone specialist investigative training are frequently called upon to make veracity judgements (e.g., solicitors; magistrates; juries). We sought to improve performance by manipulating the timing of information revelation during investigative interviews. A total of 151 participants played an interactive computer game as either a truth-teller or a deceiver, and were interviewed afterwards. Game information known to the interviewer was revealed either early, at the end of the interview, or gradually throughout. Subsequently, 30 laypersons individually viewed a random selection of interviews (five deceivers and five truth-tellers from each condition), and made veracity and confidence judgements. Veracity judgements were most accurate in the gradual condition, p < .001, η 2 = .97(above chance), and observers were more confident in those judgements, p < .001, η 2 = .99. Deceptive interviewees reported the gradual interviews to be the most cognitively demanding, p < .001; η 2 = .24. Our findings suggest that the detection of verbal deception by non-expert observers can be enhanced by employing interview techniques that maximize deceivers’ cognitive load, while allowing truth-tellers the opportunity to respond to evidence incrementally.

【Key Words】 Evidence disclosure, Early disclosure, Late disclosure, Gradual disclosure, Efficiency