—以2000—2015年间的14份办案规范为考察对象

梁 坤

( 西南政法大学刑事侦查学院 , 重庆401120）

【摘 要】我国已经创制出规制毒品犯罪主观明知推定的规则体系，其在帮助司法人员认定此类犯罪 主观方面提供较为清晰指引的同时，也对其事实认定权力构成了明显的限制。对14 份地方性规则及司法解释之内容的实证考察表明，现有规则在4个方面存在较突出的问题：部分列举条款中基础事实与推定 事实的常态联系存疑，混同于推定规则体系中的兜底条款因适用困难而难以发挥效用，推定实现方式所内含的证明机制存在实质矛盾，举证责任的非常态分配未得到理论及规范层面的充分支撑。完善毒品犯 罪主观明知推定规则，需要回归推定方法的基本法理重塑基础事实的列举条款，准确把握允许性推定的 法律性质并避免举证责任的非常态设置，并根据列举条款之形成机理另行安排兜底条款的运用。

【关键词】毒品犯罪；主观明知；推定； 基础事实；推定事实

【中图分类号】D915.13

【文献标识码】A

【文章编号】1674-1226（2018）05-0533-14

An empirical examination of the presumption rule in proving the subjective knowledge of drug crimes-on the basis of 14 criminal cases handling guidelines enacted between 2000 and 2015. Liang Kun. The Criminal Investigation Institute of Southwest University of Political Science and Law, Chongqing 401120.

【Abstract】A relatively systematic rules have been created to make a presumption of the subjective knowledge of drug crimes in China. These rules not only provide clear guidance to legal practitioners in determining the mental state of drug crimes, but also impose apparent restrictions on their power to determine the fact. The empirical study that is based on the 14 local regulations and Judicial Interpretations indicates four noticeable problems. Firstly, in certain exemplifying clauses the normal linkage between basic facts and presumed facts is in doubt. Secondly, the residual clause which is merged into the presumption rules system, is hard to be applied. Thirdly, substantial contradiction exists in the proof mechanism employed in the process of reaching a presumption. Lastly, the abnormal allocation of burden of proof has not been clarified by sufficient theoretical study or law. In order to perfect the presumption rules of subjective knowledge of drug crimes, a few necessary steps should be taken as follows, a) rebuilding the exemplifying clauses according to the fundamental legal rationales of the effectiveness of presumption, b) enhancing a truly understanding of the legality of permissible presumption and avoiding the abnormal allocation of burden of proof, and c) reconsidering the application of residual clause according to the rationale of formulating exemplifying clauses.

【Key Words】 Drug crimes, Subjective knowledge, Presumption, Basic fact, Presumed fact