孙远  史达* (中国社会科学院大学，北京 102488)

【摘要】对网络型诽谤罪的诉讼证明应当注意合理分配举证责任，即由控方承担构成要件和可罚性条件的举证责任，辩方承担存在违法阻却事由和责任阻却事由的举证责任。涉及公共利益的言论在原则上阻却行为的违法性，控方须排除证明被告言论与公共利益无涉或保护与损害间不成比例的合理怀疑，法庭亦须综合考察个案中权利保护的相对优先性作出裁判。该类案件的证明过程中，自诉人证明案件已达起诉标准和被告人有罪的证明度均有所降低。检察机关欲提起公诉的，需证明案件“严重危害社会秩序和国家利益”，否则无法启动公诉程序。

【关键词】网络型诽谤罪;诉讼证明;举证责任分配;证明度

【中图分类号】D915.13

【文献标识码】A

【文章编号】1674-1226(2024)01-0017-11

Poof of cyber defamation. Sun Yuan, Shi Da. University of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Beijing, 102488.

【Abstract】In the proof of cyber defamation, attention should be paid to the reasonable distribution of the burden of proof, which requires the prosecution bear the burden of proving the crime elements and the conditions of blameworthiness, and the defendant bear the burden of proving the defense of justification and the defense of excuse. Expression on matters of public interest is protected from being found illegal. Thus, the prosecution should prove beyond the reasonable doubt that the defendant's expression does not involve the public interest, or that the protection of such expression is out of proportion to the damage done by the expression. The court should also take consideration of the priority of the protection of rights in deciding a case. In the process of proof in such cases, the burden borne by the private prosecutor has been alleviated both in the standard of production and the standard of conviction. In the initiation of a public prosecution, the procuratorial organ should prove that the expression has “seriously endangered the social order and national interests”, otherwise it cannot initiate public prosecution proceedings.

【Key Words】Cyber defamation; Proof; Distribution of the burden of proof; Standard of proof