——兼谈构建我国证据推理新范式

罗禹昆

(中国政法大学证据科学研究院，北京100089)

【摘要】司法证明离不开证据推理，证据推理离不开证据分析理论的指导。当前，学界与实务界对修正的威格莫尔图示法和形式混合理论有所推崇。然而，佩雷尔曼对两个证据分析理论的理论基础—图尔敏模型的批判，揭示了两个证据分析理论存在自证性证明先天不足和价值性判断不当忽略等内在缺陷，无法指导概括判断。同时，佩雷尔曼对说服性论证的强调、价值性判断的关切以及新修辞学的建立，为我们提供了一套可行有效的理论。在该理论的启示下，我国应当在两个证据分析理论的基础上，引入新修辞学，指导包括经验判断与价值判断的概括判断，构建我国证据推理新范式。

【关键词】证据推理;证据分析理论;新修辞学;概括判断;新范式

【中图分类号】D915.13

【文献标识码】A

【文章编号】1674-1226(2023)06-0706-15

Two theories of analysis of evidence and the New Rhetoric——Towards constructing a new paradigm of evidential reasoning for China.Luo Yukun.Institute of Evidence Law and Forensic Science,China University of Political Science and Law,Beijing 100089,China.

【Abstract】Judicial proof depends on evidential reasoning,which cannot be separated from the guidance of evidence analysis theories.Currently,two evidence analysis theories–the Modified Wigmorean Charting System and the Formal Hybrid Theory–are highly advocated by scholars and judicial practitioners.However,Perelman’s critique of the Toulmin model,which is the theoretical basis for the two evidence analysis theories,reveals the two theories’inherent flaws,including the innate deficiency in self-proof and the improper neglect of value-oriented judgments,rendering them inadequate in guiding generalization judgments.Furthermore,Perelman’s emphasis on persuasive reasoning,concern for value-oriented judgments and creation of the New Rhetoric,have provided us with a viable and effective theoretical framework.Under the enlightenment of the New Rhetoric,the New Rhetoric,without any destruction to the two evidence analysis theories,should be introduced to guide generalization judgments,which encompasses experience-oriented judgments and value-oriented judgments,and thereby a new paradigm of evidential reasoning can be established in China.

【Key Words】Evidential reasoning;Evidence analysis theories;the New Rhetoric;Generalization judgments;New paradigm