【摘要】由于《职业行为示范规则》没有提供什么指引，加上对职业义务的持续混淆，有关运用实物证据的问题一直困扰着刑事辩护律师、刺激着检察官、引发纠纷并引起司法关注。在热忱诉辩和保守委托人秘密的职业职责要求和构成妨害司法之间，我们应当如何确定界限?可能与未来某些调查或者诉讼相关的文件或者物品何时可以毁灭、更改或者删除?刑事辩护律师是否可以出于分析目的而持有犯罪证据，即使法证特征被改变?此后律师应当如何处理实物证据?律师是否可以保留实物证据而不被指控妨碍近用?律师可以将证据退回证据发现地或者交付证据的人吗?律师应当向持有者提供什么建议?如果材料不只是可以作为证据，还可能构成违禁品，那么又该怎么办?本文从职业责任、律师—委托人保密以及刑事被告的宪法权利等角度对关于实物证据的法律进行了批判性的审视。

【关键词】妨害司法;律师—委托人特免权;实物证据;违禁品;职业责任

【中图分类号】D915.13

【文献标识码】A

【文章编号】1674-1226(2023)05-0597-45

The Legal Ethics of Real Evidence:Of Child Porn on the Choirmaster’S Computer and Bloody Knives under the Stairs.Gregory C.Sisk,Laghi Distinguished Chair in Law,University of St.Thomas School of Law(Minnesota);Translated by Wang Jinxi,China University of Political Science and Law,Beijing 100088.

【Abstract】With little guidance from the Model Rules of Professional Conduct and continuing confusion on professional obligations,questions about engagement with real evidence continue to bedevil criminal defense lawyers,incite prosecutors,generate disputes,and attract judicial attention.

Where should we draw that line between what is demanded by the professional duties of zealous advocacy and client confidentiality and what constitutes obstruction of justice?When may a document or object that could conceivably be relevant in some future investigation or proceeding be destroyed,altered,or removed?May a criminal defense lawyer take possession of evidence of a crime for purposes of analysis,even if forensiccharacteristics are altered?What should the lawyer do with real evidence afterward?May the lawyer ever retain real evidence without being accused of impeding access?May the lawyer return evidence to where it was found or to the person who delivered it?What advice should the lawyer give to the possessor?And what of the problem of material that may not merely be evidence but also may constitute contraband?

This Article critically examines the law of real evidence under the search light of professional responsibility,attorney-client confidentiality,and the constitutional rights of criminal defendants.

【Key Words】Obstruction of justice;Attorney-client privilege;Real evidence;Contraband;Professional responsibility