—— 以美国《联邦证据规则》修立流变为镜鉴

【摘要】美国证据法法典化以《联邦证据规则》为节点，大致经历了前法典化准备时期、法典形成时期、法典修正困难时期、法典遭遇集中反思时期四个发展阶段。除了判例法的长期积累、理论准备的成熟及立法取径的反复调适，法典形成还受到法典发展的形式理性化、明确统一规则的现实需求与司法限权的实质需要等因素的促动。从理论层面来看，法典化形成过程与证据法的纯化路线有关，其此后遭遇的问题除了与这种路线选择有关之外，也与证据规则的基础是否牢固，成文证据法典与普通法的复杂适用关系以及立法稳定性与僵化性等理论问题都有所关联。而这种流变考察及理论问题的分析对反思我国证据立法模式同样具有启发意义。我国证据法法典化需要考虑法典立法的必要性，也需要考量证据法与诉讼法的关系和限制法官裁量权的方式，兼顾立法基础的既成性以及信息科技时代发展下立法的技术性问题。

【关键词】证据法;法典化;《联邦证据规则》;立法模式

【中图分类号】D915.13

【文献标识码】A

【文章编号】1674-1226(2023)05-0552-13

Reflections on the legislative model in the codification controversy of evidence law——a focus on the evolvement of enactment and revision of the U.S.federal rules of evidence.Jia Yunjing,China University of Political Science and Law,Beijing 100088.

【Abstract】The codification of evidence law in the United States takes the Federal Rules of Evidence as a node and roughly goes through four developing stages:the preparation period,the formation period,the hard time period,and the concentrated reflection period.In addition to the long-term accumulation of case law,the maturity of theoretical preparation,and the repeated adjustment of legislative approaches,the codification is also driven by factors such as the rationalization of the codification development,the practical need for clear and unified rules,and the substantive need for judicial power restriction.From the theoretical point of view,the codification process is related to the choice of the purification of evidence law,which is also a cause of the difficulties encountered in the subsequent codification.The subsequent difficultes are also related to other theoretical issues,such as the solidity of the foundation of the evidence rules,the complexity in the application of the codified evidence law and common law,as well as the stability and rigidity of legislation.The examination of such evolvement and analysis of the theories could enlighten the reflectionson the evidence legislation model in our country.The codification of evidence law in our country requires consideration of the necessity of the statutes codification,the relationship between evidence law and procedural law,as well as the way to limit the judges'discretion.It should also take into account the legislative basis that has existed and the technical problems of legislation in the information technology era.

【Key Words】Evidence law;Codification;Federal rules of evidence;Legislative model