王志坚

（浙江大学光华法学院，浙江 杭州 310000）

【摘 要】对经验法则适用模式的观点分歧，缘于观察视角的差异。在刑事证明结构视野下讨论经验 法则的适用模式，能够保证结论周延。刑事司法证明在内容上表现为“证据—事实”的内在层递结构，可用图尔明模型和威格摩尔模型加以描述，在形式上表现为“控、辩、审”三方的外在博弈结构，可用 “三阶层模型”加以描述。从刑事证明结构展开，经验法则的适用可分为证成性、证否性、评判性三种模式：其一，经验法则凭借其常态规律性特征，能够充当证据推论的大前提以及复合推论的粘合剂，进而实现命题证成；其二，经验法则具有盖然性，因此可对对方证明所用经验法则的可靠性提出质疑、反驳，进而实现命题证否；其三，经验法则具有个体认识差异性，法官以其主观认识的经验法则为依据，评判 控辩双方提出的证据和证明推论，并检验最终事实认定的证明强度。

【关键词】经验法则；刑事证明结构；证明强度；理据；概括

【中图分类号】D915.13

【文献标识码】A

【文章编号】1674-1226（2023）02-0160-14

The application mode of the empiric rule from the perspective of criminal proof structure. Wang Zhijian. Guanghua Law School of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou Zhejiang, 310000.

【Abstract】The divergent views on the application mode of the empiric rule stem from differences in observation perspective. Setting the discussion of the application of the empiric rule in the realm of criminal judicial proof can ensure a comprehensive conclusion. In terms of substance, criminal judicial proof maintains an internal progressive structure which maps a mode of "from evidence to fact". Such structure can be explained by Tulmin model and Wigmore model. In terms of form, criminal judicial proof maintains an external zero-sum game structure which maps a connection among "prosecution, defense counsel and trial judge". Such structure can be explained by "three-level model". From the perspective of the criminal proof structure, the application of the empiric rule can be divided into three modes: proof of truth, proof of false and valuation. Firstly, by virtue of its normal regularity, the empiric rule, by functioning as the premise of evidentiary inference and the adhesive of compound inference, can be used to prove the truth of the proposition. Secondly, because the empiric rule takes characteristic of probability, by attacking and refuting the reliability of the application of the empiric rule, the opposing party can prove false of the proposition; thirdly, the application of empiric rule is influenced by personal cognition. The judge relies on his own understanding of empiric rule to evaluate the evidence and proof process put forward by both the prosecution and defense, and to test the proof strength of the final fact finding.

【Key Words】Empiric rule; Criminal proof structure; Proof strength; Rationale; Generalization