——以青岛市各级法院的 209 份裁判文书为样本

渠 澄 吕泽华

（中国海洋大学法学院，山东 青岛 266100）

【摘 要】目前关于正当防卫制度的研究在刑法领域已形成较成熟的“五要件说”认定标准体系，但正当防卫的证明难题仍需刑事诉讼法领域积极应对。在正当防卫他向证明层面存在证明责任分配及证明标准设定不统一，证据制度单一固化的困境，正当防卫自向证明层面面临正当防卫的认定呈现损害结果导向化，以及法院审理阶段自向证明模式僵化等难题。结合三阶层犯罪论，应构建针对控方的有罪指控，先由辩方行使举证权利，提出正当防卫的相关证据以推动争点形成，而后由控方承担正当防卫的证伪责任，且需达到排除合理怀疑标准的证明体系。通过落实庭审实质化与证人出庭作证制度，加强对“一对一”证据的审查认定，适度扩展证据类型以缓解正当防卫案件中证据资源稀缺的困境。最后，在法官自向证明中，不必过分苛求印证，应强调在经验法则同传统证据规则协调运用的基础上，充分发挥法官的心证作用，贯彻疑罪从无原则，确保判决结果的公正合理。

【关键词】 正当防卫；证明责任；证明标准；证明方法；阶层犯罪论

【中图分类号】D915.13

【文献标识码】A

【文章编号】1674-1226（2023）02-0145-15

The identification dilemma and the research approach of justifiable defense proof mechanism——Based on 209 Judgment Documents from Courts at All Levels in Qingdao. Qu Cheng, Lv Ze-hua. Ocean University of China Law School, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266100.

【Abstract】At present, the research on justifiable defense system has formed a relatively mature identification standard system of "five elements theory" in the field of criminal law, but the justifiable defense still needs to be actively handled in the field of criminal procedure law. At the level of justifiable defense, there are the difficulties of the inconsistent setting of the distribution of proof responsibility and the proof standard, the proof level of justifiable defense, the damage result orientation of justifiable defense, and the rigid self-directed proofmode of the court at the trial stage. In combination with the theory of “dreistufige Deliktsaufbau” a guilty charge against the prosecution should be constructed. The defense should first exercise the right to provide evidence, put forward relevant evidence of justifiable defense to promote the formation of contention, and then the prosecution should bear the responsibility of justifiable defense and meet a proof system beyond the standard of reasonable doubt. By implementing the system of trial substantive and witness testimony in court, the examination and identification of "one-to-one" evidence should be strengthened, and the evidence types should be appropriately expanded to alleviate the dilemma of scarce evidence resources in justifiable defense cases. Finally, as regards the judge's self-proof, it is suggested to be given sufficient discretion based on the coordinated application of the rules of experience and the traditional rules of evidence. The judges should follow the principle of in dubio pro

reo, thus toachieve a just and reasonable judgement.

【Key Words】 Justifiable defense; Burden of proof; Standard of proof; Method of proof; Class crime