王 跃 王钰玺

（西南政法大学刑事侦查学院，重庆 401120）

【摘 要】司法鉴定选任模式分为一元模式和二元模式，一元模式只允许当事人或法院选择鉴定机构，二元模式在认可司法鉴定选任对象首先是鉴定机构的前提下，同时允许当事人双方协商选择鉴定人。两大法系司法鉴定选任制度相互借鉴、彼此交融，实现了从一元模式到二元模式的转变，兼顾了对抗式诉讼与公正鉴定的要求，合理平衡了法院职权与当事人参与权，突出了鉴定人在司法鉴定中的核心主体地位，有助于提升司法鉴定质量与公信力。借鉴域外国家成熟经验作法，我国民事诉讼法自 1991 年以来，历经数次修订，终于实现了司法鉴定选任一元模式到二元模式的立法转变，但司法实践中却一直奉行一元选任模式传统，导致立法与司法实践“两张皮”现象。我国司法鉴定选任的二元模式难以落实源于多方面阻因：立法层面“鉴定人”术语引发歧义、法律实施层面一元模式“潜规则”阻碍以及鉴定人选任的客观实施条件不完善。本文在现实可行的情况下，针对二元模式在立法层面、法律实施层面以及客观条件层面出现的问题，一一回应，提出重构法律术语、破除实施环节潜规则、推动智慧司法建设的系统性解决方案，以期我国司法鉴定选任二元模式在实践中早日与立法完成统一。

【关键词】 司法鉴定选任；一元模式；二元模式；鉴定机构；鉴定人

【中图分类号】D918.9

【文献标识码】A

【文章编号】1674-1226（2023）01-0095-16

Research on the binary model of judicial expertise appointment. Wang Yue, Wang Yuxi. School of criminal investigation, Southwest University of political science and law,Chongqing 401120.

【Abstract】The model of expert witness appointment can be divided into the unitary model and the binary model. The unitary model merely allows the parties or the court to choose the forensic institution. The binary model allows the parties to choose the expert through negotiation on the premise that the parties has accepted the appointed forensic institution. The expert witness appointment systems of the two major legal systems, through the mutual learning and integration, have realized transformation from the unitary model to the binary model. The binary model has taken into account requirements of adversarial litigation and impartial forensic examination, reasonably balanced the power of the court and the participation right of the parties, highlighted the expert’s core status in forensic examinations, and helped improve the quality and credibility of forensic examinations.Drawing lessons from foreign countries’ mature experience and practices, the Civil Procedure Law, after several amendments that has been enacted since 1991, has finally made the binary model into law. However, because the tradition of the unitary model has continuously been pursued in judicial practice, for a long time exists the phenomenon that the legislation and judicial practice work as "two skins". The binary model of expert witness appointment is difficult to be implemented due to various obstacles: the term "expert" is ambiguous at the level of legislation, and at the level of law implementation exists the impediment of the unitary model "hidden rules" and the imperfect objective implementation conditions for expert witness appointment. On the premise of practical feasibility, this paper responds to the problems of the binary model at the level of legislation, law implementation and objective conditions. In hope that the binary model of expert witness appointment in practice will be unified with legislation as soon as possible, this paper proposes a systematic approach which is composed of reconstructing legal terms, breaking the hidden rules in the implementation, and promoting the construction of intelligent justice.

【Key Words】 Expert witness appointment; Unitary model; Binary model; Forensic institution; Expert