证据科学杂志
辩证据真伪 铸法治基石

2022年

2022年第30卷第1期 双月刊

2022年

2022年第30卷第1期 双月刊
第1期 第2期 第3期 第4期 第5期 第6期

科学证据司法评估的进步轨迹:我的个人视角

[美]爱德华·J·伊姆温克尔里德 汪诸豪 谢执萱 战思伯

【摘 要】不可否认,许多鉴定技术缺乏充分的科学性核验,并且法院在审查基于该些技术的专家证言可靠性时过于松懈。诚然,本文作者对迄今为止的科学证据司法审查进展(或不足)方面持有不同看法。尽管评论家们针对存有缺陷的专家证言发出警告的做法是正确的,但从一个长期视角来看,自 20 世 纪 70 年代起至今,对这些证言的司法审查已经取得了重大进步。几个时间点尤为关键:20 世纪 70 年代初、70 年代末、80 年代、90 年代以及美国联邦最高法院对多伯特案做出判决后的时代。如今,绝大多数美国法院似乎更愿意去直接审查那些支撑了专家方法论的实证数据,大多数法院目前要求专家要证明其可靠地应用了方法论,并且有越来越多的法院对表述夸大的专家最终意见保持了警惕。尽管仍有许多工作要做,但我们可以对未来保有一定程度的乐观。至关重要的是证据法学者们必须要加倍重视研究与专家证言可靠性相关的基本认识论问题。

【关键词】科学证据;专家证言的可靠性;普遍接受标准;多伯特案的决定因素清单

【中图分类号】D915.13

【文献标识码】A

【文章编号】1674-1226(2022)01-0097-29

A personal perspective on the progress of scientific evidence made to date. Edward L. Barrett, Jr. Professor of Law Emeritus, University of California Davis, USA. Translated by Wang Zhuhao, Xie Zhixuan, Zhan Sibo.Institute of Evidence Law and Forensic Science CUPL, Beijing, 100088.

Abstract】It is undeniable that many forensic techniques lack adequate validation and that in the case of many of those techniques, the courts have been too lax in scrutinizing the reliability of testimony based on the technique. However, this author has a somewhat different perspective on the progress—or lack thereof—to date.Although the commentators are correct in underscoring the warning signs of flawed expert testimony, in the long view—starting in the early 1970s—there has been significant progress. Major developments in this area have been made, in particular highlighting: the early 1970s, the late 1970s, the 1980s, the 1990s, and the era following the United States Supreme Court’s decision in Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc.. Most courts now seem more comfortable directly reviewing the empirical data that supposedly validates expert methodologies, the majority of courts currently demand proof that the expert has reliably applied the methodology, and a growing number of courts are on the alert for overstated final opinions. Much remains to be done, but we can have a degree of optimism about the future. It is imperative that Evidence scholars redouble their emphasis on the fundamental epistemological questions related to the reliability of expert testimony.

Key Words】Scientific Evidence; Reliability of Expert Testimony; General Acceptance Test; Daubert’s list of factors


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