—挑战、错误率、认知偏差和相似度

于 洋^1，2  于小勇² 罗亚平¹

（1.中国人民公安大学，北京 100038；2.南京市公安局刑事科学技术研究所，南京 210012）

【摘 要】法庭科学鞋印检验鉴定是一项复杂的认知决策活动，受到内外变化诸多因素的影响，这些因素随着案件性质和鉴定专家经验的不同而变化。研究特征比对方法的基础有效性对鞋印检验乃至法庭科学领域至关重要，这可以更好辨别鉴定专家是如何开展形态比对鉴定过程。国内外法庭科学专家已经进行了有益探索，论证了专家认知与鉴定决策变化的关系，为进一步探讨如何解读鉴定专家的认知决策过程、规避决策失误提供理论和实务参考。

【关键词】法庭科学；鞋印鉴定；意见标准；错误率；认知偏见

【中图分类号】D915.13

【文献标识码】A

【文章编号】1674-1226（2021）03-0371-15

The understanding of the expert decision-making process in forensic footwear impression examinations: challenge, error rate, cognitive bias and similarity. Yang Yu^1，2, Xiaoyong Yu², Yaping Luo² (1. People’s Public Security University of China, Beijing 100038, China; 2. Institute of Criminal Science and Technology, Nanjing Public Security Bureau, Nanjing 210012, China.)

【Abstract】Forensic footwear impression examination is a complex activity of cognitive decision-making,which is affected by a bunch of internal and external factors that vary with case attributes and expert experience.Research on the basic validity of feature-comparison methods is of great importance to the field of footwear impression examination and even forensic science, which can better discern how experts carry out identification process of shapes comparison. Forensic experts at home and abroad have conducted many beneficial explorations to demonstrate the relationship between expert cognition and changes of appraisal decision, which provide theoretical and practical reference for further discussion on how to interpret the expert cognitive decision-making process and avoid errors in decision-making.

【Key Words】Forensic science; Footwear impression examination; Opinion criteria; Error rate; Cognitive bias