—以 2021 年修改的《刑事诉讼法》司法解释新增之第 73 条为中心展开

李育林

（四川大学法学院，四川成都 610207）

【摘 要】2021 年新修改的《刑事诉讼法》司法解释确立了证据缺失裁判规则，规定当人民法院发现人民检察院未能移送全案证据材料而通知移送后未能移送的，可根据在案证据进行事实认定。其理论逻辑是弱化侦查中心主义，推动具有证据价值的材料尽可能进入法官决策过程，以便庭审实质化改革走向深化。证据缺失裁判规则在适用中存在较大窘境：一是证据生成时的供述自愿保障机制、证据过滤时的隔离制约机制的欠缺，以及证据认定时对外部验证性的过分强调致使选择性证据形成机制短时间内无法改变；二是证据缺失识别手段有限，操作的精细化程度不够；三是与原有的程序倒流机制之间的衔接难题。合理的做法是拓展证据裁判范围，强化对相关证据和线索显示的其他材料的审查识别机制。完善以移送为主，兼顾合理解释和补充侦查的补正手段，权衡在案证据与缺失证据的证明价值，最终在事实认定上作出存疑有利于被告人的裁判。

【关键词】重要证据；证据缺失；裁判规则；补充侦查；以审判为中心

【中图分类号】D915.13

【文献标识码】A

【文章编号】1674-1226（2021）06-0684-13

Research on the adjudication rules of criminal evidence absence —— Centering on the New Article 73 of the Judicial Interpretation of the Criminal Procedure Law Amended in 2021. Li Yulin. School of Law, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610207.

【Abstract】The judicial interpretation of the newly revised Criminal Procedure Law in 2021 establishes the rules for judgement on lack of evidence, stipulating that when the people's court finds that the people's procuratorate fails to transfer the evidence materials of the whole case and notifies the transfer, but still fails to transfer, it can make factual findings based on evidence in the case file transferred. Such arrangement aims to weaken the investigation centralism and to enable judges’ assessment to materials with evidential value, so as to deepen the substantive reform of court trials. However, such arrangement is in a big dilemma in the application. Firstly, the lack of a voluntary guarantee mechanism of confession in evidence generation, the isolation and restriction mechanism in evidence filtering, and the overemphasis on external verification in evidence identification, all together, make the formation mechanism of selective evidence unable to be changed in a short time. Secondly, the lack of evidence identification means is limited, and the refinement of operation is not enough. Thirdly, it is difficult to link up with the original procedural backflow mechanism.A reasonable approach is to expand the scope of evidentiary adjudication and strengthen the identification mechanism for the examination of relevant evidence and other materials shown by clues. We should improve the correction means that focus on the transfer, and take into account reasonable explanation and supplementary investigation, weigh the probative value of the evidence in the case and the missing evidence, and finally make a judgment in favor of the defendant when there is doubt in fact determination.

【Key Words】Vital evidence; Lack of evidence; Rules of adjudication; Supplementary investigation; Trialcentered