王灿发 张天泽

（中国政法大学民商经济法学院，北京 100088）

【摘 要】环境诉讼中专业意见（鉴定意见及专家咨询等）对于查明案件事实、正确适用法律等具有不可替代的作用。而当前我国在专业意见证明力方面缺少具体明确的法律规定，“关系鉴定”“庭外专家”等现象一定程度上导致了专业意见证明力的错位与混乱。为补强专业意见在环境诉讼中的证明力，需从专家选任、证据呈示、专业为本、优化参与等方面着力为之，并推动立法的变革与进展。即对于司法鉴定，应设立专门的环境司法鉴定机构平台；在法官的指导下保障环境诉讼当事人申请鉴定的权利；当庭说明鉴定意见的论证过程以及影响因素；统一规范环境司法鉴定评估机构资质；修法中确认并固定当事人自行委托鉴定的权利。对于专家咨询意见，应扩大“专家”的范围；专家意见需客观呈示；专家意见应以“专业性”为要求；探索建立环境诉讼专家陪审员制度。

【关键词】 环境诉讼；鉴定意见；专家意见；证明力；心证

【中图分类号】D915.13

【文献标识码】A

【文章编号】1674-1226（2021）06-0657-15

Research on the probative value of appraisal opinion and expert Opinion in environmental litigations.Wang Canfa, Zhang Tianze, Civil, Commercial and Economic Law School, CUPL, Beijing 100088.

【Abstract】Professional opinion (including expert opinion and expert consultation) in environmental litigations plays an irreplaceable role in finding facts and applying the right law. However, very few laws provide specific and clear guidance in regulating the probative value of such professional opinions. Phenomena like “relationship appraisal” and “extra-judicial experts” to some extent further increase the malposition and confusion of these professional opinions’ probative value. In order to improve the probative value of professional opinions in environmental litigations, efforts should be put in regulating expert selection, evidence presentation, professional orientation, optimum participation, and in legislative reform. To enhance the probative value of expert opinion, a special platform that could accommodate judicial environmental forensic institutions should be established; the right of parties to apply for environmental appraisal under the judge’s guidance should be protected; the proof process and influencing factors applied in the appraisal report should be explained in court; the qualification of judicial environmental forensic and evaluation institutions should be unified and standardized; the right of parties to appoint an appraisal shall be confirmed and fixed when the law is amended. To enhance the probative value of expert consultation, the scope of “expert” should be expanded; expert opinion should be presented objectively;“professionality” should be the fundamental requirement for qualified expert opinion; an expert jury system should be tried out in environmental litigations.

【Key Words】Environmental litigation; Appraisal opinion; Expert opinion; Probative value; Discretion