庞 晓

（西南政法大学法学院，重庆 401120）

【摘 要】违约金酌减规则能否在司法实务中正确适用，取决于能否深刻反思违约金酌减权的证明责任分配、提供证据责任以及抗辩，并积极回应当下合同法及其司法解释、指导意见对违约金酌减请求权的要件事实不明确，导致实务中证明责任分配和提供证据责任存在的问题。合同纠纷诉讼中违约金酌减的证明责任，介于实体与程序两个维度之间，首先应当明确违约金的酌减权限缩与赔偿性质并重，进而借助民事诉讼程序的价值向度，循序渐进地诠释守约方违约金的证明责任、违约金过高抗辩的证明、本证与反证的区别以及违约金过分高于实际损失额这一要件事实真伪不明时，应当由违约方承担证明责任。其次，在遵循证明责任分配原则的前提下，当违约方确实难以准确计算实际损失额时，不负证明责任的守约方应当承担事案解明义务。

【关键词】违约金酌减权；要件事实；证明责任；抗辩；事案解明义务

【中图分类号】D915.13

【文献标识码】A

【文章编号】1674-1226（2021）01-0073-14

Burden of proof for liquidated damages in contract disputes litigation. Pang Xiao.Law School, Southwest University of Political Science and Law, Chongqing 401120.

【Abstract】Whether the deduction right of liquidated damages rule can be correctly applied in judicial practice depends on whether it can deeply reflect on the distribution of the burden of proof concerning the deduction right of liquidated damages, burden of evidence production and the defense. It depends also on whether the rule could actively respond to the existing problem, i.e. consequential facts of the deduction right of liquidated damages provided in contract law and its judicial interpretation and guidance are vague and ambiguous.. The burden of proof of liquidated damages in contract dispute litigation lies between the two dimensions of entity and procedure. First of all, it should be clear that the discretionary power of liquidated damages is equal to the nature of compensation, and then the value of the civil procedure is used to explain the proof of the liquidated damages of the observant party, the proof of excessive breach of contract, the evidence and the counter-evidence. If the difference between the fact that the liquidated damages are excessively higher than the actual amount of the loss is true or unclear, the breaching party shall bear the burden of proof. Secondly, under the premise of following the principle distribution of burden of proof, when the defaulting party is indeed unable to accurately calculate the actual amount of loss, the observant party that does not bear the burden of proof shall bear obligation to provide factual information.

【Key Words】Deduction right of liquidated damages; Consequential facts; Burden of proof; Defense; Obligation to provide factual information