—基于《关于人民法院民事诉讼中委托鉴定审查工作若干问题的规定》的分析

陈如超

（1. 司法部司法鉴定重点实验室（司法鉴定科学研究院），上海， 200063；2. 西南政法大学刑事侦查学院，重庆 401120）

【摘 要】法院的对外委托鉴定工作关系到鉴定质量与司法公正。为此，最高人民法院最新出台的《关于人民法院民事诉讼中委托鉴定审查工作若干问题的规定》分别强化了法院对鉴定事项、鉴定材料、鉴定机构、鉴定人、鉴定意见的审查以及对鉴定活动的监督。上述审查与监督措施，主要基于法院立场对鉴定机构、鉴定人进行制度管控，并呈现出明显的技术化特征，这难免造成一些消极后果：驱使鉴定机构、鉴定人采取风险规避性行为；缺乏专门知识的法院、法官面临审查、监督的技术化瓶颈；法院、法官与鉴定机构、鉴定人之间的关系趋于对抗化。民事诉讼委托鉴定工作的规范化路径，首先需要重塑法院、法官与鉴定机构、鉴定人的信任关系，并明确划分二者的责任范围，既要制约鉴定机构、鉴定人，又要约束法院、法官；其次是重构法院与司法行政机关的协同关系，明确诉讼规制与行政管理的权力边界及其衔接机制，避免法院对鉴定机构、鉴定人诉讼管理的过度行政化；最后，强化法院对委托鉴定工作的技术审查、监督能力，优化法院内部的司法技术辅助部门的资源配置及其对审判部门的技术辅助能力。

【关键词】民事诉讼；法院；委托鉴定；鉴定机构；鉴定人

【中图分类号】D915.13

【文献标识码】A

【文章编号】1674-1226（2021）01-0005-14

The entrustment of forensic testing by the court and its standardization——An analysis based on "provisions on issues of the people’s court’s reviewing power on the entrusted appraisal examination in civil litigations". Chen Ruchao. 1.Key Lab of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice (Academy of Forensic Science) School of Criminal Investigation, Shanghai 200063; Southwest University of Political Science and Law,Chongqing 401120.

【Abstract】 The entrustment of forensic testing approved by the court to an external lab has a bearing on the appraisal quality and judicial justice. To guarantee the trustworthiness of the lab performance, the Supreme People's Court recently promulgated Provisions on Issues of the People’s Court’s Reviewing Power on the Entrusted Appraisal Examination in Civil Litigations, which strengthened the court's supervisory power in reviewing the appraisal matters, appraisal materials, forensic labs, forensic experts, forensic opinions and the forensic performance. The above supervision measures are mainly set from the perspective of the court, and thus emphasize to carry out institutional control over forensic labs and forensic experts.These provisions exhibit obvious technical characteristics, and would inevitably lead to some negative consequences, which include, forensic labs and forensic experts are driven to take risk-aversion behaviors; courts and judges lacking expertise are faced with the technical bottleneck in reviewing the forensic testing; and the relationship between the judicial branch including courts and judges and forensic labs and forensic experts tends to be antagonistic. In order to standardize the entrustment of forensic testing in civil litigations, firstly, it is necessary to rebuild the trust relationship between courts, judges and forensic labs, forensic experts, and to clearly divide the scope of their responsibilities. It is necessary to emphasize not only sanctioning forensic labs but also restricting courts and judges’ reviewing power; Secondly, it is necessary to reconstruct the collaborative relationship between courts and the judicial administrative organs, to clarify the power boundary between judicial reviewing power and administrative supervisions, and to avoid courts excising excessive administrative supervisions  on forensic labs and forensic experts’ participation in litigations; Finally, it is necessary to strengthen courts’ capability in reviewing and supervising the entrustment of forensic testing, and to optimize the resource allocation of the judicial technical subsidiary department within the court and its technical assistance to the judicial department.

【Key Words】Civil litigations; Courts; Entrustment of forensic testing; Forensic labs; Forensic experts