陈邦达

（华东政法大学刑事法学院，上海 201620）

【摘 要】鉴真是举证方证明某一证据确属其声称之证据的证明活动，必须首先证明有关证据即提出证据者所主张的证据，在此基础上才有该证据的可采性可言。美国《联邦证据规则》确立鉴真的方法包括有特殊表征之物采知情者证言方法，无特殊表征之物采保管链条等方法。鉴真是确定某项证据是否真实的必要手段，为确定证据的真实性、关联性提供基本保证。这项规则与英美陪审团制度、可采性包含关联性理论、对抗制下平等举证等诉讼传统密不可分。我国刑事诉讼法及司法解释确立了类似于鉴真的规则，提出证据的真实性鉴别要求。完善我国鉴真制度，须注意以下问题：中国鉴真制度的性质和功能有别于美国，中国鉴真的主体、步骤、范围有特殊性，我国宜借鉴可操作性的鉴真方法，不宜设置违反鉴真规则的刚性后果。

【关键词】鉴真规则；刑事涉案物品；证据规则；鉴定

【中图分类号】D915.13

【文献标识码】A

【文章编号】1674-1226（2020）05-0560-13

On the rule of authentication and its experience. Chen Bangda, School of Law and Criminal Justice, East China University of Political Science and Law, 201620, Shanghai, China.

【Abstract】Authentication is the act of proving that something is genuine as the proponent claims it is. In the theory of evidence law, the offering party must affirmatively show its foundation of the exhibit, otherwise the evidence will be inadmissible. In the USA, the Federal Rules of Evidence established a series of authentication methods. Exhibits with special features are authenticated through foundational witnesses, while exhibits without distinct features are authenticated through the chain of custody. Authentication functions as the mechanism of distinguishing the relevance of evidence, and the engine of assisting tiers of facts to evaluated evidence. The rationales behind this mechanism are closely related to the jury system, the theory of the admissibility of evidence, and the features of the adversary system. The Criminal Procedure Law of the People's Republic of China and judicial interpretation have established rules similar to authentication and put forward requirements for authenticity identification of evidence. In order to improve the current situation of Chinese authentication, the following measures should be taken into account. Firstly, the features and functions of Chinese authentication should be radically different from the US model. Secondly, the duty of authentication should spread on both the two parties, judicial departments and defendants who produce evidence bare such responsibilities. Thirdly, we should establish a series of practical authentication methods. And finally, it is not ideal to establish an absolutely exclusionary rule on un-authentication evidence.

【Key Words】Authentication; Real evidence in the criminal proceedings; Evidence law; Forensic identification