梁 坤

（西南政法大学刑事侦查学院，重庆 401120）

【摘 要】对中央和地方的 8 份办案规范及相关司法实践的分析表明，被告人的先前处罚记录被大量用于部分类型案件中主观明知等入罪事实的证明。不过，司法实践对这类规范的适用却并未呈现出对相应规则的严格遵循。从比较研究的角度而言，运用先前处罚记录来证明入罪事实的规则与英美法中的相似行为证据规则既存在共性，也有明显的差异。综合规范分析、实践梳理及比较研究的结论，应当将先前处罚记录在入罪事实证明中的运用从两方面进行规范，一是将这类证据用于推定被告人对其行为的法律性质存在主观明知的依据，二是将其作为与相似行为有关的入罪事实认定的补强或弹劾依据。

【关键词】前科；行政处罚；相似行为；司法证明；推定

【中图分类号】D915.13

【文献标识码】A

【文章编号】1674-1226（2020）04-0389-12

The application of previous penalty records in proving incriminating facts. Liang Kun. Criminal Investigation Institute of Southwest University of Political Science & Law, Chongqing 401120.

【Abstract】The analysis of eight case-handling regulations at the national and local level as well as relevant judicial practice indicates that the defendants’ previous penalty records have been widely used in proving incriminating facts such as knowing facts in some categories of cases. However, the application of such regulations in judicial practice doesn’t show strict abidance of relevant rules. From the perspective of comparative study,although the rule of using previous penalty records to prove incriminating facts shares something in common with the evidence rule of similar act in Anglo-American Law, such two kinds of rules have obvious differences.According to the conclusion obtained from comprehensive research of normative analysis, practice study and comparative investigation, two aspects of normalization should be taken into account with respect to the application of previous penalty records in proving incriminating facts. Firstly, such evidence can be used to be the basis of presuming the accused knowing the legal nature of his act; Secondly, it can be used as a basis to reinforce or against the similar incriminating facts.

【Key Words】Criminal record; Administrative penalty; Similar act; Judicial proof; Presumption