—美国量刑实践的启示

简乐伟

（中南财经政法大学法治发展与司法改革研究中心，湖北武汉 430073）

【摘 要】量刑证明标准根据不同的量刑证明对象进行区分，以科学识别量刑证明对象为前提。量刑证明对象所涉及的诉讼利益、被告人权利的差异性决定了量刑证明标准的多元化。量刑证明标准分为三类：排除合理怀疑标准的要求最高，适用于基本犯罪构成和修正犯罪构成量刑情节的证明；优势证据标准的要求最低，适用于因定量原因不能用于定罪的量刑情节和酌定量刑情节的证明 ；清楚确信标准的要求适中，适用于剥夺公民政治权利或其他权利等中等重要程度权利，对外国人驱逐出境，以及法定量刑情节的证明。

【关键词】量刑；证明对象；证明标准

【中图分类号】D915.13

【文献标识码】A

【文章编号】1674-1226（2015）04-0422-09

The object and standard of proof in sentencing: the clues from american sentencing practice. Jian Lewei. 1. Legal Development and Judicial Reform Research Center at Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Hubei Wuhan, 430073; 2. People’s Procuratorate of Xiangyang, Hubei Xiangyang, 441021

【Abstract】The standards of proof in sentencing are distinguished in the object of proof. Such distinction is based on scientific recognition of the object of proof. The standards of proof in sentencing vary because the object of proof relates to different litigation interests and the defendant's different rights. The standards of proof in sentencing are divided into three categories: beyond a reasonable doubt standard, which is the highest standard,and is applied to the proof of sentencing factors that relates to the basic constitution of a crime and the amended constitution of a crime; preponderance evidence standard, which is the lowest standard, and is applied to the proof of the sentencing factors that are not used in entering a conviction due to quantitative reasons and of the discretionary sentencing factors; clear and convincing evidence standard, which is the moderate standard, and is applied to the proof of sentencing factors that relates to the deprivation of civil and political rights or other rights, deportation of aliens, and statutory sentencing circumstances.

【Key Words】 Sentencing, Object of proof, Standard of proof