张保生

(中国政法大学证据科学研究院，北京，100088)

　　【摘 要】 广义证据科学是一门关于知识的学问，旨在揭示人类各种实践和认识活动中事实、证据和证明的一般关系及证据推理的共同规律。证据是获取知识的必要条件，证据推理在人类知识探索中广泛运用，证据分析是所有决策活动的重要环节，证据裁判是社会争端的理性解决方式。“实践 - 证据 - 认识 - 证据 - 实践”这一新的认识论公式，普遍适用于不同学科共同面对的证据推理和知识获取问题，集中体现了广义证据科学观和证据方法论的内涵。证据法跨学科发展的趋势或证据科学研究兴起的主要动因：一是可采性原则与证明原则的内在矛盾，二是科技迅速发展的外部推动。狭义证据科学作为证据法学与法庭科学的交叉学科，是研究证据采集、鉴定技术以及案件事实认定之一般规律的科学理论和方法体系。中国学者更重视证据科学的实践探索和学科建设，并将研究聚焦于狭义证据科学，因而可以称为证据科学的“实践学派”。

　　【关键词】 证据和知识;证据推理;证据科学观;证据方法论;实践学派

　　【中图分类号】D915.13

　　【文献标识码】A

　　【文章编号】1674-1226(2019)02-0133-19

　　An introduction to the general evidence science. Zhang Baosheng. China University of Political Science and Law, Beijing 100088.

　　【Abstract】 The evidence science, in the broad sense, is the study on knowledge, serving to reveal the common nature existing in human practices, the general relations among fact, evidence, and proof in epistemic activities, and rules of evidential reasoning. As evidence is a prerequisite for knowledge acquisition, evidential reasoning is widely applied in the humankind’s exploration of knowledge, with the analysis of evidence an indispensable step in almost all decision-making and the adjudication by evidence the rational way of settling disputes in society. The new epistemology pattern that can be generalized as “from practice to evidence and then to knowledge on one end, and from knowledge to evidence and afterwards to practice on the other end” is generally applicable to evidential reasoning and knowledge acquisition commonly met by various subjects, centrally reflects the connotation of the scholarship of general evidence science and evidence methodology. There are two major driving forces for the trend of the law of evidence towards an interdisciplinary discipline or the emergence of the study on evidence science: one is the inherent conflicts between evidence admissibility rules and proof principles; the other is the external impetus of the rapid development of science and technology. In the narrow sense, evidence science, as a cross-discipline of the evidence law and forensic science, is a scientific theory and methodology system for studying the general nature in evidence collection, forensic techniques, and fact-finding. Chinese scholars have paid more attention to the practical exploration and discipline building of evidence science, which could be thus labelled as “practical group” of evidence science.

　　【Key Words】 Evidence and knowledge, Evidential reasoning, A view of evidence science, Methodology of evidence science, Practical group